An Introduction to Formal Logic
Where to Watch An Introduction to Formal Logic
24.
Three-Valued and Fuzzy Logic
2016-11-01
See what happens if we deny the central claim of classical logic, that a proposition is either true or false. This step leads to new and useful types of reasoning called multi-valued logic and fuzzy logic.
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23.
Modal Logic
2016-11-01
Add two new operators to your first-order predicate vocabulary: a symbol for possibility and another for necessity. These allow you to deal with modal concepts, which are contingent or necessary truths.
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22.
Proof and Paradox
2016-11-01
Delve deeper into the effort to prove that the logical consistency of mathematics can be reduced to basic arithmetic. Follow the work of David Hilbert, Georg Cantor, Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, and others.
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21.
Logic and Mathematics
2016-11-01
See how all that you have learned in the course relates to mathematics-and vice versa. Trace the origin of deductive logic to the ancient geometrician Euclid.
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20.
Introducing Logical Identity
2016-11-01
Still missing from our logical toolkit is the ability to validate identity. Known as equivalence relations, these proofs have three important criteria: equivalence is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
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19.
Relational Logic
2016-11-01
Hone your skill with first-order predicate logic by expanding into relations. An example: €œIf I am taller than my son and my son is taller than my wife, then I am taller than my wife.
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18.
Demonstrating Invalidity
2016-11-01
Study two techniques for demonstrating that an argument in first-order predicate logic is invalid. The method of counter-example involves scrupulous attention to the full meaning of the words in a sentence, which is an unusual requirement, given the symbolic nature of logic.
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17.
Validity in First-Order Predicate Logic
2016-11-01
For all of their power, truth tables won€™t work to demonstrate validity in first-order predicate arguments. For that, you need natural deduction proofs-plus four additional rules of inference and one new equivalence.
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16.
First-Order Predicate Logic
1970-01-01
So far, you have learned two approaches to logic: Aristotle’s categorical method and truth-functional logic. Now add a third, hybrid approach, first-order predicate logic, which allows you to get inside sentences to map the logical structure within them.
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15.
Conditional and Indirect Proofs
2016-11-01
Complete the system of natural deduction by adding a new category of justification-a justified assumption. Then see how this concept is used in conditional and indirect proofs.
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14.
Logical Proofs with Equivalences
2016-11-01
Enlarge your ability to prove arguments with natural deduction by studying nine equivalences-sentences that are truth-functionally the same. For example, double negation asserts that a sentence and its double negation are equivalent.
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13.
Natural Deduction
2016-11-01
Truth tables are not consistently user-friendly, and some arguments defy their analytical power. Learn about another technique, natural deduction proofs, which mirrors the way we think.
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12.
Truth Tables and Validity
2016-11-01
Using truth tables, test the validity of famous forms of argument called modus ponens and its fallacious twin, affirming the consequent. Then untangle the logic of increasingly more complex arguments, always remembering that the point of logic is to discover what it is rational to believe.
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11.
Truth Tables
2016-11-01
Truth-functional logic provides the tools to assess many of the conclusions we make about the world. In the previous lecture, you were introduced to truth tables, which map out the implications of an argument€™s premises.
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10.
Truth-Functional Logic
2016-11-01
Take a step beyond Aristotle to evaluate sentences whose truth cannot be proved by his system. Learn about truth-functional logic, pioneered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by the German philosopher Gottlob Frege.
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9.
Introduction to Formal Logic
2016-11-01
Having looked at validity in inductive arguments, now examine what makes deductive arguments valid. Learn that it all started with Aristotle, who devised rigorous methods for determining with absolute certainty whether a conclusion must be true given the truth of its premises.
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8.
Induction in Polls and Science
2016-11-01
Probe two activities that could not exist without induction: polling and scientific reasoning. Neither provides absolute proof in its field of analysis, but if faults such as those in Lecture 7 are avoided, the conclusions can be impressively reliable.
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7.
Inductive Reasoning
2016-11-01
Turn from informal fallacies, which are flaws in the premises of an argument, to questions of validity, or the logical integrity of an argument. In this lecture, focus on four fallacies to avoid in inductive reasoning: selective evidence, insufficient sample size, unrepresentative data, and the gambler€™s fallacy.
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6.
Fallacies of Irrelevance
2016-11-01
Learn how to keep a discussion focused by recognizing common diversionary fallacies. Ad hominem attacks try to undermine the arguer instead of the argument.
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5.
Fallacies of Cause and Effect
2016-11-01
Consider five fallacies that often arise when trying to reason your way from cause to effect. Begin with the post hoc fallacy, which asserts cause and effect based on nothing more than time order.
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4.
Fallacies of Faulty Authority
2016-11-01
Deepen your understanding of the fallacies of informal logic by examining five additional reasoning errors: appeal to authority, appeal to common opinion, appeal to tradition, fallacy of novelty, and arguing by analogy. Then test yourself with a series of examples, and try to name that fallacy!
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3.
Informal Logic and Fallacies
2016-11-01
Explore four common logical fallacies. Circular reasoning uses a conclusion as a premise. Begging the question invokes the connotative power of language as a substitute for evidence. Equivocation changes the meaning of terms in the middle of an argument. And distinction without a difference attempts to contrast two positions that are identical.
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2.
Introduction to Logical Concepts
2016-11-01
Practice finding the logical arguments hidden in statements by looking for indicator words that either appear explicitly or are implied-such as €œtherefore€ and €œbecause.€ Then see how to identify the structure of an argument, focusing on whether it is deductive or inductive.
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1.
Why Study Logic?
2016-11-01
Influential philosophers throughout history have argued that humans are purely rational beings. But cognitive studies show we are wired to accept false beliefs.
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An Introduction to Formal Logic is a series categorized as a new series. Spanning 1 seasons with a total of 24 episodes, the show debuted on 2016. The series has earned a no reviews from both critics and viewers. The IMDb score stands at undefined.
How to Watch An Introduction to Formal Logic
How can I watch An Introduction to Formal Logic online? An Introduction to Formal Logic is available on The Great Courses Signature Collection with seasons and full episodes. You can also watch An Introduction to Formal Logic on demand at Amazon Prime, Kanopy, Amazon online.
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Steven Gimbel
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